Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa
Witchcraft allegations against children in Africa have received increasing international attention in the first decade of the 21st century.[1][2][3]
The phenomenon of witch-hunts in Sub-Saharan Africa is ancient, but the problem is reportedly "on the rise", due to "urbanization, poverty, conflict and fragmenting communities".[4]
Practice
Recent reports by UNICEF, UNHCR, Save The Children and Human Rights Watch[5][6][7][8] have also highlighted the violence and abuse towards children accused of witchcraft in Africa. Accusations of witchcraft in Africa are a very serious matter as the witch is culturally understood to be the epitome of evil and the cause of all misfortune, disease and death. Consequently, the witch is the most hated person in African society and subjected to punishment, torture and even death.[9][10]
The victims of witchcraft accusations in African society have usually been the elderly, the disabled, albinos and anyone who was considered different.[11][12][13] In recent years due to the impact of rapid urbanisation, economic decline, as well as the HIV/AIDS pandemic, children have become more and more the victims of witchcraft accusations, especially orphans. Child victims of witchcraft accusations are more vulnerable than adult victims as they cannot defend themselves as they are confronted with physical and psychological abuse from their family and community.[14]
Children accused of witchcraft may be subjected to violent exorcism rituals by African Pentecostal-Charismatic pastors who mix Christianity with African witchcraft beliefs. Such exorcism may include incarceration, starvation and being made to drink hazardous substances.[14] In other cases accused children are expelled and end up living on the streets, are trafficked and in some instances they are killed.[4]
Angola
In Angola, many orphaned children are accused of witchcraft and demonic possession by relatives in order to justify not providing for them. Various methods are employed: starvation, beating, unknown substances rubbed into their eyes or being chained or tied up.[15]
West Africa
In the Gambia, about 1,000 people accused of being witches were locked in detention centers in March 2009. They were forced to drink a dangerous hallucinogenic potion, according to Amnesty International.[16]
In Nigeria, some Pentecostal pastors have incorporated African witchcraft beliefs into their brand of Christianity resulting in a campaign of violence against young Nigerians. Children and babies branded as evil are being abused, abandoned and even murdered. The preachers make money out of the fear providing costly exorcism services of their parents and their communities.[17]
In the Nigerian states of Akwa Ibom and Cross River about 15,000 children were branded as witches and most of them end up abandoned and abused on the streets.[16] A documentary aired on Channel 4 and BBC, Saving Africa's Witch Children, shows the work of Gary Foxcroft and Stepping Stones Nigeria in addressing these abuses.
In Sierra Leone, sick infants tend to have better survival-rates due to witchhunts: "the effect of the witch cleansing probably lasts for years in the sense that mothers are predisposed to tend their babies with more hopefulness and real concern. Therefore many babies who, before the arrival of the witchfinder, might have been saved if the mothers had had the heart and will to stop at nothing to tend their babies, will now survive precisely because they will receive the best attention, as the mothers now believe that the remaining children are free of witchcraft. So there is a reduction in the infant mortality rate in the years immediately following the witchcleansing movement".[18]
Congo
In Congo, it is estimated that there are 25,000 homeless children living on the streets of the capital city. Of these, 60% were expelled from their homes because of allegations of witchcraft. Accusations of witchcraft is the only justifiable reason for the refusal to house a family member, no matter how distant the relation.[19]
Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, Mingi is the traditional belief among the Omotic-speaking Karo and Hamar tribes in southern Ethiopia that adults and children with physical abnormalities are ritually impure.[20][21] The latter are believed to exert an evil influence upon others, so disabled infants have traditionally been disposed of without a proper burial.[20] Children are killed by forced permanent separation from the tribe by being left alone in the jungle or by drowning in the river.[22][23][24]
Reasons for being declared impure include birth out of wedlock, the birth of twins, the eruption of teeth in the upper jaw before the lower jaw, and chipping a tooth in childhood.[25][26]
Possible solutions
Interventions until now have been limited and localised such as the safe houses run by Stepping Stones Nigeria and their partners in Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria, by Bishop Emilio Sumbelelo of St. Josephs Catholic Church in Angola, and by Africa Outreach in Malawi.[27][28][29][30] Nevertheless, global awareness of the problem of child witchcraft accusations in Africa is growing as evidenced by the above-mentioned UNICEF and UNHCR reports. It is likely that increased global awareness of the problem of child witchcraft accusations in Africa will eventually lead to more initiatives to assist its victims. Nevertheless, it is equally important to address the underlying socio-economic, political and environmental factors that contribute to this problem.[31]
In the meantime the general population in countries where child witchcraft beliefs are prevalent need to be made aware that the torture and killing of children is unacceptable. This can be done by means of grass-roots awareness and prevention campaigns, conferences and theological education with the support of religious leaders, who need to be engaged and become part of the solution and not part of the problem. The judiciary, human rights organizations, civil society, and local and national governments can also aid this.[32]
Spread to the UK
Research by Dr Leo Ruickbie has shown that the problem of child witchcraft accusations is spreading from Africa to areas with African immigrant populations. In some cases this has led to ritualised abuse and even murder, particularly in the UK with such high-profile cases as that of Kristy Bamu in 2010.[33]
See also
- Witchcraft accusations against children
- Kindoki
- Saving Africa's Witch Children
Related:
- Persecution of people with albinism, Africa
- Child sacrifice in Uganda
- Medicine murder, African traditional medicine
References
- ^ "Angola: Papal envoy calls for end to witch child accusations on Independent Catholic News". Indcatholicnews.com. 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "Saving Witches in Kolwezi". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "Publications: Supporting Victims of Witchcraft Abuse and Street Children in Nigeria". HumanTrafficking.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ a b "Africa: Child witchcraft allegations on the rise". Yubanet.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ Bussien, Nathaly et al. 2011. Breaking the spell: Responding to witchcraft accusations against children, in New Issues in refugee Research (197). Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR
- ^ Cimpric, Aleksandra 2010. Children accused of witchcraft, An anthropological study of contemporary practices in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: UNICEF WCARO
- ^ Molina, Javier Aguilar 2006. The Invention of Child Witches in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Social cleansing, religious commerce and the difficulties of being a parent in an urban culture. London: Save the Children
- ^ Human Rights Watch 2006. Children in the DRC. Human Rights Watch report, 18 (2)
- ^ Mbiti, John 1975. Introduction to African Religion (2nd rev. ed.). Oxford: Heinemann: 117-118, 165.
- ^ Moreau, A. Scott 1990. The World of the spirits: A Bible study in the African context. Nairobi:Evangel, p. 116.
- ^ "BBC News - Malawi plea to free convicted 'witches'". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-10-13. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "Hunting the vulnerable: Witchcraft and the law in Malawi". Consultancyafrica.com. 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ Goliat, Aubrey J, Frank B. Phiri and Erwin van der Meer 2010. Preliminary findings on the problem of Child Witchcraft Accusations in Malawi. Blantyre, Malawi: Africa Outreach.
- ^ a b "Dispatches - Saving Africa's Witch Children". Channel 4. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ Children accused of witchcraft tortured in 'exorcism' rituals. (2005, July 12). Daily Mail, p. 20. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from ProQuest NewsStand database. (Document ID: 866086551).
- ^ a b CNN: Abuse of child 'witches' on rise, aid group says
- ^ Tracy McVeigh (9 December 2007). "Children are targets of Nigerian witch hunt". The Observer.
- ^ STUDIA INSTITUTI ANTHROPOS, Vol. 41 = Anthony J. Gittins : Mende Religion. Steyler Verlag, Nettetal, 1987. p. 200
- ^ CONGO RELATIVES ACCUSING KIDS OF WITCHCRAFT :[ALL Edition]. (2006, August 30). The Augusta Chronicle, p. A11. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from ProQuest NewsStand database. (Document ID: 1116345621).
- ^ a b Petros, Gezahegn (2000). The Karo of the lower Omo Valley: subsistence, social organisation and relations with neighbouring groups. Dept. of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Administration, Addis Ababa University. p. 57.
- ^ Strecker, Ivo. Do the Hamar have a Concept of Honor?, University of Mainz,
- ^ The Hamar and Karo Tribes: The Search for Mingi http://ffh.films.com/id/1572/The_Hamar_and_Karo_Tribes_The_Search_for_Mingi.htm
- ^ Taboo, Episode 2: Skin Deep, National Geographic. Video.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
- ^ LaPlante, Matthew D. (2011-05-11) Is the tide turning against the killing of 'cursed' infants in Ethiopia? CNN
- ^ [The Hamar] believe that evil and bad luck (mingi) exists in certain unholy or impure things. Twins, a child born out of wedlock, a child born with a cleft lip or palate, and children, whose upper milk teeth come before their lower ones, are considered to possess 'mingi and for this reason, they are thrown into the forest to die. [1]
- ^ Emnet's Story... ebenezerethiopia.blogspot.com (2010-01-03)
- ^ "Current Projects | What We Do". Steppingstonesnigeria.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ Lafraniere, Sharon (2007-11-15). "African Crucible - Cast as Witches, Then Cast Out". Angola;Congo (Formerly Zaire);Congo Republic: NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "What we do". Across-outreach.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "Welcome to Africa Outreach Christian Mission". Africa-outreach.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ van der Meer, Erwin 2013. Child Witchcraft Accusations in Southern Malawi, The Australasian Review of African Studies 34 (1): pp. 129-144
- ^ van der Meer, Erwin 2013. Child Witchcraft Accusations in Southern Malawi, The Australasian Review of African Studies 34 (1): pp. 138ff
- ^ Ruickbie, Leo, 'Child Witches: From Imaginary Cannibalism to Ritual Abuse', Paranthropology, 3.3 (July 2012), pp. 13-21.
External links
- Steppingstonesnigeria.org
- Africa-outreach.com
- Across-outreach.org
- Stopchildwitchcraftaccusations.blogspot.com
- Whrin.org.uk
- Child abuse
- Children's rights
- African witchcraft
- Witch hunting
Witchcraft allegations against children in Africa have received increasing international attention in the first decade of the 21st century. The phenomenon of witch
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